Paliperidone: Package Insert and Label Information (Page 4 of 5)
10 OVERDOSAGE
10.1 Human Experience
While experience with paliperidone overdose is limited, among the few cases of overdose reported in pre-marketing trials, the highest estimated ingestion of paliperidone extended-release tablets was 405 mg. Observed signs and symptoms included extrapyramidal symptoms and gait unsteadiness. Other potential signs and symptoms include those resulting from an exaggeration of paliperidone’s known pharmacological effects, i.e., drowsiness and somnolence, tachycardia and hypotension, and QT prolongation. Torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in a patient in the setting of overdose.
Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. Overdose experience reported with risperidone can be found in the OVERDOSAGE section of the risperidone package insert.
10.2 Management of Overdosage
There is no specific antidote to paliperidone, therefore, appropriate supportive measures should be instituted and close medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers. Consideration should be given to the extended-release nature of the product when assessing treatment needs and recovery. Multiple drug involvement should also be considered.
In case of acute overdose, establish and maintain an airway and ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Administration of activated charcoal together with a laxative should be considered.
The possibility of obtundation, seizures, or dystonic reaction of the head and neck following overdose may create a risk of aspiration with induced emesis.
Cardiovascular monitoring should commence immediately, including continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for possible arrhythmias. If antiarrhythmic therapy is administered, disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine carry a theoretical hazard of additive QT-prolonging effects when administered in patients with an acute overdose of paliperidone. Similarly, the alpha-blocking properties of bretylium might be additive to those of paliperidone, resulting in problematic hypotension.
Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated with appropriate measures, such as intravenous fluids and/or sympathomimetic agents (epinephrine and dopamine should not be used, since beta stimulation may worsen hypotension in the setting of paliperidone-induced alpha blockade). In cases of severe extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic medication should be administered.
11 DESCRIPTION
Paliperidone extended-release tablets contain paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives. Paliperidone extended-release tablets contains a racemic mixture of (+)- and (-)- paliperidone. The chemical name is (±)-3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one. Its molecular formula is C23 H27 FN4 O3 and its molecular weight is 426.49. The structural formula is:
Paliperidone is sparingly soluble in dichloromethane, slightly soluble in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and insoluble in water.
Paliperidone extended-release tablets are intended for oral administration and are available in 1.5 mg (brown), 3 mg (white), 6 mg (beige), and 9 mg (pink) strengths. Paliperidone extended-release tablets utilize osmotic drug release technology.
Inactive ingredients are butylated hydroxy toluene, cellulose acetate, hydroxy propyl cellulose, hypromellose, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, lactose monohydrate, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, povidone, propylene glycol, shellac, sodium chloride, stearic acid, and titanium dioxide.
Delivery System Components and Performance
Paliperidone extended-release tablets use osmotic pressure to deliver paliperidone at a controlled rate. The delivery system, which resembles a round-shaped tablet in appearance, consists of an osmotically active bilayer core surrounded by a subcoat and semipermeable membrane. The bilayer core is composed of drug layer containing the drug and excipients, and a push layer containing osmotically active components. There are two precision laser-drilled orifices on the drug-layer dome of the tablet. Each tablet strength has a different colored water-dispersible overcoat and print markings. In an aqueous environment, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the water-dispersible color overcoat erodes quickly. Water then enters the tablet through the semipermeable membrane that controls the rate at which water enters the tablet core, which, in turn, determines the rate of drug delivery. The hydrophilic polymers of the core hydrate and swell, creating a gel containing paliperidone that is then pushed out through the tablet orifices. The biologically inert components of the tablet remain intact during gastrointestinal transit and are eliminated in the stool as a tablet shell, along with insoluble core components.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. The mechanism of action of paliperidone in schizophrenia is unclear. However, the drug’s therapeutic effect in schizophrenia could be mediated through a combination of central dopamine Type 2 (D2 ) and serotonin Type 2 (5HT2A ) receptor antagonism.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
In vitro , paliperidone acts as an antagonist at the central dopamine Type 2 (D2 ) and serotonin Type 2 (5HT2A ) receptors, with binding affinities (Ki values) of 1.6 nM to 2.8 nM for D2 and 0.8 nM to 1.2 nM for 5HT2A receptors. Paliperidone is also active as an antagonist at the α1 and α2 adrenergic receptors and H1 histaminergic receptors, which may explain some of the other effects of the drug. Paliperidone has no affinity for cholinergic muscarinic or β1 — and β2 -adrenergic receptors. The pharmacological activity of the (+) — and (-) — paliperidone enantiomers is qualitatively and quantitatively similar in vitro.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Following a single dose, the plasma concentrations of paliperidone gradually rise to reach peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) approximately 24 hours after dosing. The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone following paliperidone extended-release tablets administration are dose-proportional within the available dose range. The terminal elimination half-life of paliperidone is approximately 23 hours.
Steady-state concentrations of paliperidone are attained within 4 days to 5 days of dosing with paliperidone extended-release tablets in most subjects. The mean steady-state peak: trough ratio for a paliperidone extended-release tablets dose of 9 mg was 1.7 with a range of 1.2 to 3.1.
Following administration of paliperidone extended-release tablets, the (+) and (-) enantiomers of paliperidone interconvert, reaching an AUC (+) to (-) ratio of approximately 1.6 at steady state.
Absorption and Distribution
The absolute oral bioavailability of paliperidone following paliperidone extended-release tablets administration is 28%.
Administration of a 12 mg paliperidone extended-release tablet to healthy ambulatory subjects with a standard high-fat/high-caloric meal gave mean Cmax and AUC values of paliperidone that were increased by 60% and 54%, respectively, compared with administration under fasting conditions. Clinical trials establishing the safety and efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets were carried out in subjects without regard to the timing of meals. While paliperidone extended-release tablets can be taken without regard to food, the presence of food at the time of paliperidone extended-release tablets administration may increase exposure to paliperidone [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.3)].
Based on a population analysis, the apparent volume of distribution of paliperidone is 487 L. The plasma protein binding of racemic paliperidone is 74%.
Metabolism and Elimination
Although in vitro studies suggested a role for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of paliperidone, in vivo results indicate that these isozymes play a limited role in the overall elimination of paliperidone [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7)].
One week following administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg immediate-release 14 C-paliperidone to 5 healthy volunteers, 59% (range 51% to 67%) of the dose was excreted unchanged into urine, 32% (26% to 41%) of the dose was recovered as metabolites, and 6% to 12% of the dose was not recovered. Approximately 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and 11% in the feces. Four primary metabolic pathways have been identified in vivo , none of which could be shown to account for more than 10% of the dose: dealkylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and benzisoxazole scission.
Population pharmacokinetic analyses found no difference in exposure or clearance of paliperidone between extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates.
Special Populations
Renal Impairment:
The dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets should be reduced in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.5)]. The disposition of a single dose paliperidone 3 mg extended-release tablet was studied in adult subjects with varying degrees of renal function. Elimination of paliperidone decreased with decreasing estimated creatinine clearance. Total clearance of paliperidone was reduced in subjects with impaired renal function by 32% on average in mild (CrCl = 50 mL/min to < 80 mL/min), 64% in moderate (CrCl = 30 mL/min to < 50 mL/min), and 71% in severe (CrCl = 10 mL/min to < 30 mL/min) renal impairment, corresponding to an average increase in exposure (AUCinf ) of 1.5 fold, 2.6 fold, and 4.8 fold, respectively, compared to healthy subjects. The mean terminal elimination half-life of paliperidone was 24 hours, 40 hours, and 51 hours in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared with 23 hours in subjects with normal renal function (CrCl ≥ 80 mL/min).
Hepatic Impairment:
In a study in adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B), the plasma concentrations of free paliperidone were similar to those of healthy subjects, although total paliperidone exposure decreased because of a decrease in protein binding. Consequently, no dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Paliperidone extended-release tablets have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Adolescents (12 years to 17 years of age):
Paliperidone systemic exposure in adolescents weighing ≥ 51 kg (≥ 112 lbs) was similar to that in adults. In adolescents weighing < 51 kg (< 112 lbs), a 23% higher exposure was observed; this is considered not to be clinically significant. Age did not influence the paliperidone exposure.
Elderly:
No dosage adjustment is recommended based on age alone. However, dose adjustment may be required because of age-related decreases in creatinine clearance [see Renal Impairment above and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.1, 2.5)].
Race:
No dosage adjustment is recommended based on race. No differences in pharmacokinetics were observed in a pharmacokinetic study conducted in Japanese and Caucasians.
Gender:
No dosage adjustment is recommended based on gender. No differences in pharmacokinetics were observed in a pharmacokinetic study conducted in men and women.
Smoking:
No dosage adjustment is recommended based on smoking status. Based on in vitro studies utilizing human liver enzymes, paliperidone is not a substrate for CYP1A2; smoking should, therefore, not have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenicity studies with paliperidone administered orally have not been performed.
Carcinogenicity studies with risperidone, which is extensively converted to paliperidone in rats, mice, and humans, were conducted in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats. Risperidone was administered in the diet at daily doses of 0.63 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg for 18 months to mice and for 25 months to rats. A maximum tolerated dose was not achieved in male mice. There were statistically significant increases in pituitary gland adenomas, endocrine pancreas adenomas, and mammary gland adenocarcinomas. The no-effect dose for these tumors was less than or equal to the MRHD of risperidone based on mg/m2 body surface area (see risperidone package insert). An increase in mammary, pituitary, and endocrine pancreas neoplasms has been found in rodents after chronic administration of other antipsychotic drugs and is considered to be mediated by prolonged dopamine D2 antagonism and hyperprolactinemia. The relevance of these tumor findings in rodents to human risk is unclear [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7)].
Mutagenesis
No evidence of genotoxic potential for paliperidone was found in the Ames reverse mutation test, the mouse lymphoma assay, or the in vivo rat micronucleus test.
Impairment of Fertility
In a study of fertility, the percentage of treated female rats that became pregnant was not affected at oral doses of paliperidone of up to 2.5 mg/kg/day which is 2 times the MRHD based on mg/m2 body surface area. However, pre- and post-implantation loss was increased, and the number of live embryos was slightly decreased, at 2.5 mg/kg, a dose that also caused slight maternal toxicity. These parameters were not affected at a dose of 0.63 mg/kg, which is half of the MRHD based on mg/m2 body surface area.
The fertility of male rats was not affected at oral doses of paliperidone of up to 2 times the MRHD of 12 mg/day based on mg/m2 body surface area, although sperm count and sperm viability studies were not conducted with paliperidone. In a subchronic study in Beagle dogs with risperidone, which is extensively converted to paliperidone in dogs and humans, all doses tested (0.31 mg/kg to 5.0 mg/kg) resulted in decreases in serum testosterone and in sperm motility and concentration (0.6 to 10 times the MRHD of 16 mg/day for risperidone, based on mg/m2 body surface area). Serum testosterone and sperm parameters partially recovered, but remained decreased after the last observation (two months after treatment was discontinued).
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Schizophrenia
The acute efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets (3 mg to 15 mg once daily) was established in three placebo- controlled and active-controlled (olanzapine), 6-week, fixed-dose trials in non-elderly adult subjects (mean age of 37) who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. Studies were carried out in North America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Asia. The doses studied among these three trials included 3 mg/day, 6 mg/day, 9 mg/day, 12 mg/day, and 15 mg/day. Dosing was in the morning without regard to meals.
Efficacy was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), a validated multi-item inventory composed of five factors to evaluate positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganized thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. Efficacy was also evaluated using the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. The PSP is a validated clinician-rated scale that measures personal and social functioning in the domains of socially useful activities (e.g., work and study), personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors.
In all 3 studies (n = 1665), paliperidone extended-release tablets were superior to placebo on the PANSS at all doses. Mean effects at all doses were fairly similar, although the higher doses in all studies were numerically superior. Paliperidone extended-release tablets were also superior to placebo on the PSP in these trials.
An examination of population subgroups did not reveal any evidence of differential responsiveness on the basis of gender, age (there were few patients over 65), or geographic region. There were insufficient data to explore differential effects based on race.
In a longer-term trial, adult outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia who had clinically responded (defined as PANSS score ≤ 70 or ≤ 4 on pre-defined PANSS subscales, as well as having been on a stable fixed dose of paliperidone extended-release tablets for the last two weeks of an 8-week run- in phase) were entered into a 6-week open-label stabilization phase where they received paliperidone extended-release tablets (doses ranging from 3 mg to 15 mg once daily). After the stabilization phase, patients were randomized in a double-blind manner to either continue on paliperidone extended-release tablets at their achieved stable dose, or to placebo, until they experienced a relapse of schizophrenia symptoms. Relapse was pre-defined as significant increase in PANSS (or pre-defined PANSS subscales), hospitalization, clinically significant suicidal or homicidal ideation, or deliberate injury to self or others. An interim analysis of the data showed a significantly longer time to relapse in patients treated with paliperidone extended-release tablets compared to placebo, and the trial was stopped early because maintenance of efficacy was demonstrated.
Adolescents
The efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in adolescent subjects with schizophrenia was established in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 6-week study using a fixed-dose weight-based treatment group design over the dose range of 1.5 mg/day to 12 mg/day. The study was carried out in the US, India, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine, and involved subjects 12 years to 17 years of age meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, with diagnosis confirmation using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS- PL).
Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: a placebo group or paliperidone extended-release tablets Low, Medium, or High dose groups. Doses were administered based on body weight to minimize the risk of exposing lower-weight adolescents to high doses of paliperidone extended-release tablets. Subjects weighing between 29 kg and less than 51 kg at the baseline visit were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1.5 mg (Low dose), 3 mg (Medium dose), or 6 mg (High dose) of paliperidone extended-release tablets daily, and subjects weighing at least 51 kg at the baseline visit were randomly assigned to receive placebo or 1.5 mg (Low dose), 6 mg (Medium dose), or 12 mg (High dose) of paliperidone extended-release tablets daily. Dosing was in the morning without regard to meals.
Efficacy was evaluated using PANSS. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficacy of paliperidone extended-release tablets in adolescents with schizophrenia in the dose range of 3 mg/day to 12 mg/day. Doses within this broad range were shown to be effective, however, there was no clear enhancement to efficacy at the higher doses, i.e., 6 mg for subjects weighing less than 51 kg and 12 mg for subjects weighing 51 kg or greater. Although paliperidone was adequately tolerated within the dose range of 3 mg/day to 12 mg/day, adverse events were dose related.
DrugInserts.com provides trustworthy package insert and label information about marketed drugs as submitted by manufacturers to the US Food and Drug Administration. Package information is not reviewed or updated separately by DrugInserts.com. Every individual package label entry contains a unique identifier which can be used to secure further details directly from the US National Institutes of Health and/or the FDA.